Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

In 1983, Dr. Howard Gardner of Harvard University proposed his theory of multiple intelligences. His theory suggests that human intelligence is not limited to one capability as is measured on an IQ test, but in eight different ranges of potential. Gardner proposed that proof of these multiple aptitudes is found in savants. Individuals with savant syndrome often score low on intelligence tests but are geniuses in one form such as mathematical computation, musical ability, memory, drawing, etc. Furthermore, Gardner cites evidence of multiple intelligences in evolutionary adaptations. He observes that different aptitudes enabled early humans to cope with environmental challenges such as finding their way home, solving problems, and reading others' emotions. Consequently, Gardner theorized a list of these intelligences on a broad scale:

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Aptitude ________________ Exemplar ______________ Learning style

1. Linguistic ____________ T.S. Eliot, poet ______________ words, textbooks
2. Logical-Mathematical ___ Albert Einstein, scientist_________ numbers, logic
   
3. Musical ____________ Johann Bach, composer ___________ music, audio
4. Spatial ______________ Pablo Picasso, artist ___________ pictures, visual
5. Bodily-kinesthetic _____ Martha Graham, dancer _______ physical activity, sports
6. Intrapersonal(self) ____ Sigmund Freud, psychologist _______ self-reflection
7. Interpersonal(others) ____ Mahatma Gandhi, leader _______ social experience
8. Naturalist ___________ Charles Darwin, naturalist ________ activity in nature

Gardner's contemporary theory of intelligence has become quite popular. He has proposed changing the educational system to support the different learning styles of individuals with differing aptitudes. However, critics argue that intelligence is purely mental ability. Gardner counters that all forms of intelligence are pertinent and valuable, it just depends upon the societal culture that places greater value on some capabilities over others. Furthermore, Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences extends our idea of mental aptitudes. His new definition opens up the door to speculate and further our understanding about the concept of intelligence.